Worked cases · Helsinki
Two operating theatres held between 30 and 60 % RH in Helsinki
A steam humidifier steered to a room humidity floor, 40 % outside air with no economiser, a 120 kW preheat, and a recovery ward on a fan coil with heat of its own.
Open the building in the appSt. Anne's is two operating rooms at 20–22 °C and ASHRAE 170's 30–60 % RH on a suite handler — 40 % outside air, a chilled-water coil from the modular chiller, an electric heater, a steam humidifier on boiler steam and a fan against 900 Pa of HEPA — and a four-bed recovery ward on a two-pipe fan coil with an 8 kW electric heater.
It needed two things the model did not have: a humidifier kind, and a room humidity floor — the ceiling's inversion on the other bound, the block handed the wettest of its rooms' needs and the humidifier steered to it whatever stage runs. On Helsinki's year the theatres read 0 dry hours and 0 humid hours, 19.9–22.1 °C, and no unmet hour.
Three sizing lessons came out of the cold year: interior hospital rooms are 0.08 kW/K of envelope, not 0.3 (on 26 Aug 0.3 read 235 MWh of heating for three rooms where 0.08 read 60); a fan-coil ward with no outside-air path saturates, so the ward carries its own air change; and the theatres' preheat is 120 kW — 60 left them 63 hours short at −2 °C.
Where the heat goes. 212 of the year's 214 MWh of heating is the suite handler's, and 133 MWh of that falls on the 4 600 hours the theatres ask for less than half a kilowatt: started on such an hour, the handler tempers its 40 % outside air for the whole of it, because the model's heater does not cycle. Until 3 Oct those hours were booked as no call at all, and the year read 102 MWh of heating on 167 MWh of electricity. A suite handler free to stop between calls would not spend that heat; one that must keep its theatres' air changes would.
What it reads on Helsinki
| Cooling / heating | 71.6 MWh / 214.4 MWh (43 of it ceiling reheat, 133 the handler tempering its outside air on hours the theatres ask under half a kilowatt) |
| Electricity / steam gas | 277 MWh / 23.5 MWh |
| Theatres | 19.9–22.1 °C all year, 0 dry hours, 0 humid hours, no unmet hour |
| Ward | held; 1 050 humid hours — a fan coil has no reheat, so no ceiling is declared |
What it taught
- A humidity floor is a second requirement the controller judges every hour, like the ceiling — not a setpoint on the humidifier.
- A suite handler cannot land one supply state on theatres that cool in January and a ward that heats; the ward gets its own machine.
- Dry hours count while occupied, like unmet hours: an empty theatre's machine starts from off.
The machines
- Operating-suite AHU, 4 m³/s — open in the builder
- Fan coil with electric heat, 0.6 m³/s — open in the builder
- Air-cooled chiller, 90 kW class — open in the builder
Sources
- ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170 (operating-room conditions)
- PVGIS TMY, Helsinki
Readings of the shipped model on the building's own PVGIS typical meteorological year; engineering estimates from catalog data and published correlations. The building runs on every plan, including Free, a few times a day.